SmoothGoat

Cipher

2005-11-18T23:35:00.000-08:00

All ciphers involve either transposition or substitution, or a combination of these two mathematical operations—i.e., product ciphers. In transposition cipher systems, elements of the plaintext

Hanafiyah

2005-10-16T20:25:00.000-07:00

Also called Madhhab Hanifah , English Hanafites in Islam, one of the four Sunni schools of religious law, incorporating the legal opinions of the ancient Iraqi schools of al-Kufah and Basra. Hanafi legal thought (madhhab) developed from the teachings of the theologian Imam Abu Hanifah (c. 700–767) by such disciples as Abu Yusuf (d. 798) and Muhammad ash-Shaybani (749/750–805) and became the official system of Islamic legal interpretation of the 'Abbasids, Seljuqs

Brahmaputra River, Plant and animal life

2005-07-27T23:05:00.000-07:00

The most notable

Furniture, Mirrors

2005-07-26T04:35:00.000-07:00

The use of mirror glass in furnishings arose during the 17th century. The discoloration of the melted glass because of silvering and, not least, the prohibitive cost and difficulty of manufacturing mirror glass of considerable size restricted the possibilities of large-scale application. The mirror gallery at Versailles was thus an outstanding technical achievement

Potassium-argon Dating

2005-07-23T17:10:00.000-07:00

Method of determining the time of origin of rocks by measuring the ratio of radioactive argon to radioactive potassium in the rock. This dating method is based upon the decay of radioactive potassium-40 to radioactive argon-40 in minerals and rocks; potassium-40 also decays to calcium-40. Thus, the ratio of argon-40 and potassium-40 and radiogenic calcium-40 to potassium-40 in a mineral

Arabia, History Of, The Zaydis and 'Alawis

2005-07-06T19:00:00.000-07:00

In the mid-10th century a refugee from disturbances in Iraq, Ahmad

Cavalcanti, Guido

2005-06-30T20:50:00.000-07:00

Born into an influential Florentine family of the Guelf (papal) party, Cavalcanti studied under the philosopher and scholar

Afghanistan, Urban settlement

2005-06-23T03:10:00.000-07:00

Most urban settlements have grown along the road that runs from Kabul southwestward to Kandahar, then northwest to Herat, northeast to Mazar-e Sharif, and southeast back to Kabul. The rural population of farmers and nomads is distributed unevenly over the rest of the country, mainly concentrated along the rivers. The most heavily populated part of the country is between

Biofeedback

2005-06-21T08:55:00.000-07:00

Information supplied instantaneously about an individual's own physiological processes. Data concerning a person's cardiovascular activity (blood pressure and heart rate), temperature, brain waves, or muscle tension is monitored electronically and returned, or “fed back,” to that person by a gauge on a meter, a light, or a sound. Though such activity of the autonomic

Hay, John (milton)

2005-06-16T00:20:00.000-07:00

Hay studied law in Springfield, Ill., where he met the future president Abraham Lincoln. He served as President Lincoln's private

Chagas' Disease

2005-06-13T07:15:00.000-07:00

Also called American trypanosomiasis infection with the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. It is transmitted to humans by bloodsucking reduviid bugs and is endemic in most rural areas of Central and South America. The disease is most often transmitted by contact with the feces of infected insects, commonly through scratching of the skin at the site of the insects' bites, or through the mucous

Lemur

2005-06-01T16:45:00.000-07:00

Generally, any of the more primitive primates except the tree shrews. In this sense, the term covers not only the typical lemurs (family Lemuridae) but also the avahi, indri, sifaka, aye-aye, loris, potto, and galago (qq.v.). All these animals are characterized by a naked, moist tip to the muzzle; comblike, forward-directed lower front teeth; and a clawlike nail on the second toe of

Websterashburton Treaty

2005-05-18T07:05:00.000-07:00

(1842), treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain establishing the northeastern boundary of the U.S. and providing for Anglo–U.S. cooperation in the suppression of the slave trade. The treaty established the present boundary between Maine and New Brunswick, granted the U.S. navigation rights on the St. John River, provided for extradition in enumerated nonpolitical criminal

Earth Exploration

2005-05-16T00:25:00.000-07:00

The overall oblate shape of the Earth was established by French Academy expeditions between 1735 and 1743. The Earth's mean density and total mass were determined by the English physicist and chemist Henry Cavendish in about 1797. It was later ascertained that the density of rocks on the Earth's surface is significantly less than the mean density, leading to the assumption that

Powell, Lewis Franklin, Jr.

2005-05-14T10:10:00.000-07:00

American lawyer and judge (b. Sept. 19, 1907, Suffolk, Va.--d. Aug. 25, 1998, Richmond, Va.), served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court for 15 years, during which he often provided a centrist viewpoint in an otherwise polarized tribunal. He cast the deciding vote on a number of landmark cases, most notably Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), which opposed strict racial quotas

Fuller, R(ichard) Buckminster

2005-03-15T11:23:00.000-08:00

U.S. engineer and architect who developed the geodesic dome, the only large dome that can be set directly on the ground as a complete structure, and the only practical kind of building that has no limiting dimensions (i.e., beyond which the structural strength must be insufficient). Among the most noteworthy geodesic domes is the United

Black Sabbath

2005-03-14T19:10:00.000-08:00

Osbourne, Butler, Iommi, and Ward, schoolmates in Birmingham in the late 1960s, formed the

Haratin

2005-03-11T04:04:00.005-08:00

Scholars speculate that the Haratin came into being as a result of ancient interbreeding between indigenous blacks and Indo-Europeans, possibly Berbers. In the 17th century they were forcibly recruited

Haratin

2005-03-11T04:04:00.004-08:00

Haratin

2005-03-11T04:04:00.003-08:00

Haratin

2005-03-11T04:04:00.002-08:00

Haratin

2005-03-11T04:04:00.001-08:00

Haratin

2005-03-11T04:04:00.000-08:00

Insurance, Direct losses

2005-03-04T13:37:00.000-08:00

Losses may be settled on a replacement-cost

Ibrahim Pasa

2005-03-03T08:06:00.000-08:00

Ibrahim's first military expedition was to Egypt (1524), where he reestablished order and introduced administrative and fiscal measures that solidified Ottoman authority there.

Shire

2005-03-02T08:02:00.000-08:00

In Great Britain, a county. The Anglo-Saxon shire (Old English scir) was an administrative division next above the hundred and seems to have existed in the south in the time of Alfred the Great (871 - 899) and to have been fully established by the reign of Edgar (959 - 975). It was administered by an ealdorman (alderman) and by a sheriff (i.e., shire-reeve), who presided over the shire court. After the

Adams, Douglas

2005-02-28T14:31:00.000-08:00

Adams received an M.A. (1974) in English literature

Boulemane

2005-02-27T15:44:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Boulman, � town, north-central Morocco. The town, located at an elevation of about 5,500 feet (1,700 m) above sea level in the Middle (Moyen) Atlas mountains, is a market centre serving Berber seminomads and is connected by road with F�s city (northwest) and er-Rachidia town (south). Pop. (1982) 3,295.

Sarajevo

2005-02-26T14:28:00.000-08:00

Capital and cultural centre of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It lies in the narrow valley of the Miljacka River at the foot of Mount Trebevic. The city retains a strong Muslim character, having many mosques, wooden houses with ornate interiors, and the ancient Turkish marketplace (the Ba

Squash

2005-02-25T21:58:00.000-08:00

With most of the world's top squash players participating at the Commonwealth Games, held on July 25 - August 4 in Manchester, Eng., the singles events became something of an unofficial world championships. The men's final saw another duel between the number one and number two players, Peter Nicol of England and Jonathon Power of Canada. Nicol had taken the title four years

France, History Of, Rural life

2005-02-24T11:13:00.000-08:00

Rural life changed more gradually. The expanding markets favoured well-endowed or efficient lords or peasants who could produce a surplus of goods for sale. Such conditions were less common in the south than in the north, although they could be found in most wine-producing areas. But, while rising prices benefited producers, they contributed to certain difficulties

Metacarpal

2005-02-23T08:15:00.000-08:00

Any of several tubular bones between the wrist (carpal) bones and each of the forelimb digits in land vertebrates, corresponding to the metatarsal bones of the foot. Originally numbering five, metacarpals in many mammals have undergone much change and reduction during evolution. The lower leg of the horse, for example, includes only one strengthened metacarpal;

Saxhorn

2005-02-22T09:20:00.000-08:00

Any of a family of brass wind instruments patented by the Belgian instrument-maker Antoine-Joseph Sax, known as Adolphe Sax, in Paris in 1845. Saxhorns, one of many 19th-century developments from the valved bugle, provided military bands with a homogeneous series of valved brass in place of the miscellany of valved instruments that had come into use since 1825 (such as fl�gelhorns,

Eleanor Of Aquitaine

2005-02-21T11:07:00.000-08:00

Eleanor was the daughter and heiress of William X, duke of Aquitaine and count of Poitiers, who possessed one of the largest domains in France - larger,

San Juan Bautista

2005-02-20T21:52:00.000-08:00

Capital, Misiones department, southern Paraguay. It lies in the lowlands near the R�o Tebicuary. In addition to its administrative functions, San Juan Bautista is the commercial and manufacturing centre for the agricultural and pastoral hinterland, which is utilized primarily for cattle ranching and mat� (tea) growing. There are schools of commerce and agriculture

Shiloh

2005-02-19T23:56:00.000-08:00

Canaanite town that became the central sanctuary site of the Israelite confederacy during the period of the judges (12th - 11th century BC). After the Israelite conquest of Canaan, the Tabernacle and the Ark of the Covenant were installed in Shiloh until the Ark was captured by the Philistines (c. 1050 BC) in a battle with the Israelites at Ebenezer (site unknown), and Shiloh was soon thereafter

Balcon, Sir Michael

2005-02-18T04:33:00.000-08:00

He began his career as a producer in 1922, founded and directed Gainsborough Pictures, Ltd., in 1928, and became the director of production for Gaumont-British Pictures, Ltd., in 1931. From 1936 to 1938 he worked as producer for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and from 1938 to 1959 as executive producer

China, Foreign religions

2005-02-17T23:08:00.000-08:00

Tibetan Buddhism always remained outside Chinese civilization, as did other imported religions. A certain number of Muslims came to China, all from the Middle East or from Central Asia. The Turkic �ng�t tribe was largely Nestorian Christian. Many tombstones have been preserved with a bilingual Turkic and Chinese inscription, but none of these believers seems

Plummer, Christopher

2005-02-16T04:07:00.000-08:00

Plummer made his first professional appearance in 1950 in Ottawa and spent several years performing with Canadian repertory theatre groups. In 1954 he made his New York City debut and soon attracted wide critical praise.

Intentionality

2005-02-15T08:33:00.000-08:00

In modern literary theory, the study of authorial intention in a literary work and its corresponding relevance to textual interpretation. With the ascendancy of New Criticism after World War I, much of the debate on intentionality addressed whether information external to the text could help determine the writer's purpose and whether it was even possible or

Animals, Cruelty To

2005-02-13T23:33:00.000-08:00

The willful or wanton infliction of pain, suffering, or death upon an animal, or the intentional or malicious neglect of an animal. In varying degrees, it is illegal in most countries in the world, and, in the late 20th century, interest in endangered species gave further impetus to the anticruelty movement. Reflecting such interest, many laws have been passed, although

Afranius, Lucius

2005-02-12T01:08:00.000-08:00

In 60 BC, chiefly by Pompey's support, Afranius was raised to the consulship, in which office he proved himself incompetent to manage civil affairs. In the following year, while governor of Cisalpine Gaul, he obtained a triumph; and, on the allotment of Spain to Pompey (55 BC), Afranius

West Frisian Islands

2005-02-11T22:24:00.000-08:00

Dutch �West Friese Eilanden, � part of the chain of Frisian Islands (q.v.), which lie in the North Sea just off the coast of northwestern Europe. They belong to The Netherlands.

Ards

2005-02-10T10:08:00.000-08:00

Irish �An Aird� district, Northern Ireland. Formerly within County Down, in 1973 Ards was established as a district with an area of 139 sq mi (361 sq km). It extends northward from just south of the village of Killinchy along the western shoreline of Strangford Lough (inlet of the sea) to the town of Newtownards and encompasses the peninsula of land east of Strangford Lough. Bordered by North Down

Keeler, James (edward)

2005-02-09T17:24:00.000-08:00

Interested in astronomy from an early age, Keeler became assistant to the noted astronomer Samuel P. Langley at the Allegheny Observatory, Pittsburgh, Pa., in 1881. From 1886 to 1891 he was on the staff of the Lick

Andr�, John

2005-02-08T21:35:00.000-08:00

Sent to America in 1774, Andr� became chief intelligence officer to the British commander in chief, General Sir Henry Clinton, in New York City. From May 1779 he carried on a secret correspondence

Italy, Famine, war, and plague (1340 - 80)

2005-02-07T14:15:00.000-08:00

Italy's thriving economy was shortly to meet severe challenges. Among these, first, were famines, which affected most of Italy in the years 1339 - 40, 1346 - 47, 1352 - 53, and 1374 - 75, and to these catastrophes were added a general expansion and intensification of war. The 13th century saw the diffusion of the crossbow, whose bolt far surpassed the arrow of the longbow in its power to penetrate. The crossbow

Crane Fly

2005-02-06T10:48:00.000-08:00

Also called �Daddy Long Legs, � any insect of the family Tipulidae (order Diptera). In English-speaking countries other than the United States, the crane fly is popularly called daddy long legs because it has a slender, mosquito-like body and extremely long legs. (In the United States, �daddy longlegs� generally refers to an arachnid.) Ranging in size from tiny to almost 3 cm (1.2 inches) long, these

Oberlin, Johann Friedrich

2005-02-05T19:12:00.000-08:00

Born into a middle-class family, Oberlin studied theology and graduated from the University of Strasbourg in 1758. He was a teacher

Fyn

2005-02-04T09:36:00.000-08:00

Amtskommune (county commune), Denmark, comprising 25 inhabited islands between Zealand and the Jutland peninsula. Funen and Langeland (qq.v.) are the two largest islands, with more than 90 percent of the population. Odense is the administrative centre and largest city. Road bridges connect the islands of Funen, T�singe, and Langeland; �r� and smaller islands have ferry connections

Ogden, Peter Skene

2005-02-03T18:23:00.000-08:00

Ogden's parents were American loyalists who had fled to Canada (via England) during the American

Ogden, Peter Skene

2005-02-02T15:27:00.000-08:00

Ogden's parents were American loyalists who had fled to Canada (via England) during the American

Aidan

2005-02-01T09:00:00.000-08:00

Aidan was crowned at Iona by St. Columba. He refused to allow his kingdom to remain dependent on the Irish Dalriada; but, coming into collision with his southern neighbours, he led a large force against Aethelfrith, king of the Northumbrians, and was defeated at Degsanstan, probably in

Macapagal, Diosdado

2005-01-31T21:50:00.000-08:00

After receiving his law degree, Macapagal was admitted to the bar in 1936. During World War II he practiced law in Manila and aided the anti-Japanese resistance. After the war he worked in a law firm and in 1948 served as second secretary to the Philippine Embassy in Washington, D.C. The following

Primate, General structure

2005-01-30T08:35:00.000-08:00

The basis of the success of the order Primates is the relatively unspecialized nature of their structure and the highly specialized plasticity of their behaviour. This combination has permitted the primates throughout their evolutionary history to exploit the wide variety of novel ecological opportunities that have come their way. Although there are a few

Suceava

2005-01-29T23:28:00.000-08:00

City, capital of Suceava judet (county), northeastern Romania. Founded on a terrace above the right bank of the Suceava River before the 14th century, it was the capital of Moldavia from 1375 until 1565, when the capital was moved to Iasi. During the reign of Stephen (Stefan) the Great in the 15th century, Suceava developed as a trading centre and customs point, with many warehouses and a strong

'aqqad, 'abbas Mahmud Al-

2005-01-28T04:18:00.000-08:00

Born in modest circumstances, al-'Aqqad continued his education through reading when his formal schooling was cut short. He supported himself throughout most of his career by writing. An outspoken political commentator, he was

Hilarion, Saint

2005-01-27T03:29:00.000-08:00

Most knowledge about Hilarion derives from a semi-legendary and rhetorically embellished account of his life written about 391 by the Latin biblical scholar St. Jerome, using material by Bishop Epiphanius

Razmara, Ali

2005-01-26T17:08:00.000-08:00

Razmara graduated from the French military academy at Saint-Cyr in 1925. After serving in the pacification campaigns in the Kurdistan and Laristan regions of Iran under Reza Khan (later Reza Shah Pahlavi), he became director of the Tehran Military Cadet College

Razmara, Ali

2005-01-25T01:46:00.000-08:00

Black Lung

2005-01-24T06:10:00.000-08:00

Also called �Black-lung Disease, or Coal-workers' Pneumoconiosis, � respiratory disorder, a type of pneumoconiosis caused by repeated inhalation of coal dust over a period of years. The disease gets its name from a distinctive blue-black marbling of the lung caused by accumulation of the dust. Georgius Agricola, a German mineralogist, first described lung disease in coal miners in the 16th century, and it is now widely recognized. It

Black Lung

2005-01-23T09:09:00.000-08:00

Buyantu

2005-01-22T19:50:00.000-08:00

Also known as �Ayurparibhadra�, Chinese temple name (y�an) �Jen Tsung�, Pinyin romanization �Yuan Renzong� (reigned 1311 - 20), Mongol emperor of the Y�an dynasty of China, who was a patron of literature. He distributed offices more equitably between Chinese and Mongols than had his predecessors, and during his reign commercial ties with Europe increased.

Ecuador

2005-01-21T20:44:00.000-08:00

Officially �Republic of Ecuador, �Spanish �Rep�blica del Ecuador, � country of northwestern South America. It straddles part of the Andes Mountains and occupies part of the Amazon basin. Lying on the Equator, from which its name derives, it borders Colombia to the north, Peru to the east and the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west; it includes the Pacific island group of the Gal�pagos Islands, or the Archipi�lago de Col�n. It is a relatively

All�gret, Marc

2005-01-20T08:07:00.000-08:00

All�gret was educated in law in Paris, but while accompanying his uncle Andr� Gide on a trip to Africa, he recorded the trip on film. He served as an assistant director to Robert Florey and Augusto Genina and in 1931 directed his first feature, Mam'zelle Nitouche. It was

Sun Rose

2005-01-19T00:02:00.000-08:00

Helianthemum apenninum, H. cinereum, H. glaucum, and H. hirsutum are dwarf

Hybrid

2005-01-17T22:19:00.000-08:00

Offspring of parents that differ in genetically determined traits. The parents may be of different species, genera, or (rarely) families. The term hybrid, therefore, has a wider application than the terms mongrel or crossbreed, which usually refer to animals or plants resulting from a cross between two races, breeds, strains, or varieties of the same species. There are

Stralsund

2005-01-16T13:11:00.000-08:00

Swedish �Str�lsund, � city, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania Land (state), northeastern Germany, Baltic port on the Strelasund (strait) opposite R�gen island, with which it is connected by the R�gendamm, a road and rail embankment. There was a village that specialized in ferrying goods and passengers to R�gen island as early as 1200; it was chartered in 1234. Stralsund joined the Hanseatic League in 1293. During

Widor, Charles-marie

2005-01-15T16:47:00.000-08:00

The son and grandson of organ builders, Widor began his studies under his father and at the age of 11 became organist at the secondary school of Lyon. After studies in organ and composition in Brussels, he returned to Lyon (1860) to succeed his father as organist at Saint-Fran�ois, where he remained for a decade.

Lovell, James A(rthur), Jr.

2005-01-14T06:13:00.000-08:00

Lovell, a graduate (1952) of the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md., became a test pilot and, at the time (1963) he was selected for the manned space program, was serving as a flight instructor and safety officer. He accompanied Frank Borman on the record-breaking 14-day flight of Gemini 7. Launched

Xanthinuria

2005-01-13T07:53:00.000-08:00

Rare inherited disorder of purine metabolism that results from a deficiency in the enzyme xanthine oxidase. Normally this enzyme breaks down the purine base xanthine to uric acid, which is then excreted. In the absence of the enzyme, xanthine is not metabolized by the body and its concentration builds up in the blood and urine. Xanthinuria is not a serious condition,

Medicine, Japan

2005-01-12T13:54:00.000-08:00

In Japan, with less rigid legal restriction of the sale of pharmaceuticals than in the West, there was formerly a strong tradition of self-medication and self-treatment. This was modified in 1961 by the institution of health insurance programs that covered a large proportion of the population; there was then a great increase in visits to the outpatient clinics of hospitals

Ilf, Ilya; And Petrov, Yevgeny

2005-01-11T18:32:00.000-08:00

Born into a poor Jewish family, Ilf worked at various trades while a youth, becoming a journalist in Odessa at the age of 18. He went

Maccabeus, Jonathan

2005-01-10T23:59:00.000-08:00

Also called �Apphus, Maccabeus �also spelled �Maccabaeus� Jewish general, a son of the priest Mattathias, who took over the leadership of the Maccabean revolt after the death of his elder brother Judas. A brilliant diplomat, if not quite so good a soldier as his elder brother, Jonathan refused all compromise with the superior Seleucid forces, taking advantage of their internal troubles to free Judaea again from external

Flood, Curt

2005-01-09T13:22:00.000-08:00

Flood began playing baseball as a youth and was signed in 1956 by the National League Cincinnati Reds. He was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals in 1958 and played

Selihoth

2005-01-08T00:17:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Selihot, or Selichot, �Hebrew �Selihot� (�pardons�), in Jewish liturgy, penitential prayers originally composed for Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) and for fast days but subsequently incorporated into other services. Selihoth have become an indispensable part of the Jewish liturgical services that precede Rosh Hashana (New Year), continue through the Ten Days of Penitence ('aseret yeme teshuva), and terminate

Kwara

2005-01-06T23:00:00.000-08:00

Kwara state consists mostly of wooded savanna, but there are forested regions in the south. Almost all of its savanna area was conquered by the Fulani in the early 19th century, and the region remained part

Madinat Ash-sha'b

2005-01-05T15:09:00.000-08:00

Town, southern Yemen, former administrative capital of Yemen (Aden). The town is located on the Little Aden Peninsula on the western side of At-Tawahi Bay (Aden Harbour), across from Aden city. Founded in 1959 as Al-Ittihad (Arabic: �Unity�), it was at first the capital of the Protectorate of South Arabia under British rule. It was renamed after Yemen (Aden) was founded in 1967. Pop. (latest est.) 20,000.

Mordvin

2005-01-04T02:53:00.000-08:00

Also called �Mordvinian, � member of a people speaking a Finno-Ugric language of the Uralic language family and living mainly in Mordvinia republic and other parts of the middle Volga River region of Russia. Under the Soviet government the Mordvins were given some autonomy in 1928, and a Mordvinian autonomous republic, which lasted from 1934 to 1991, had its capital at Saransk. The Mordvin numbered about

Dai Jin

2005-01-03T04:12:00.000-08:00

Dai was one of the leaders in the early Ming revival of the Ma-Xia (after Ma Yuan and Xia Gui), or academic, style of landscape painting of the Southern Song (1127 - 1279), which came to be called the Zhe school (after Zhejiang province, in which Hangzhou, the Southern Song capital, was located).

Edward

2005-01-02T18:34:00.000-08:00

Edward ascended the throne upon his father's death in October 899, and in a battle in 902 his forces killed a rival claimant,

Iliamna Lake

2005-01-01T02:09:00.000-08:00

Lake, southwestern Alaska, U.S., west of Cook Inlet (Gulf of Alaska). The second largest freshwater lake entirely within the United States (after Lake Michigan), it is 80 miles (129 km) long and 25 miles (40 km) wide and covers an area of 1,000 square miles (2,600 square km). It drains southwest through the Kvichak River into Bristol Bay and the Bering Sea. It is noted for its game fish, especially rainbow

Clone

2004-12-31T10:44:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �clon � population of genetically identical cells or organisms that are derived originally from a single original cell or organism by asexual methods. Cloning is fundamental to most living things, since the body cells of plants and animals are clones ultimately derived from the mitosis of a single fertilized egg. More narrowly, a clone can be defined as an individual

Seni Pramoj, Mom Rajawong

2004-12-30T14:56:00.000-08:00

Thai diplomat and politician whose refusal to honour Japanese demands that he deliver a Thai declaration of war against the U.S. and the U.K. during World War II kept the U.S. from attacking Thailand and gained U.S. aid in organizing resistance forces (b. May 26, 1905--d. July 28, 1997).

Pyroxene, Igneous rocks

2004-12-29T04:26:00.000-08:00

Uninverted pigeonites(monoclinic) are common as phenocrysts in high-temperature,

Robards, Jason

2004-12-27T04:20:00.000-08:00

Because of the bitterness and disillusionment expressed by his father, onetime stage and film leading man Jason Robards, Sr. (1892 - 1963), the younger Robards avoided acting

Mexico, Rural settlement

2004-12-25T16:55:00.000-08:00

Away from this central

Myanmar, World War II and after

2004-12-24T21:56:00.000-08:00

When World War II broke out in Europe in 1939, the Burmese leaders wanted to bargain with the government before giving their support to the British. A warrant was issued for the arrest of Aung San, but he escaped to China, where he attempted to contact radical groups for support. Japanese assistance was offered instead. Aung San returned to Burma in secret, recruited 29 young

Schlesinger, Arthur M(eier)

2004-12-23T00:45:00.000-08:00

Schlesinger graduated from Ohio State University in 1910. When he entered Columbia University, New York City, to continue graduate study in history, he came under the influence of the progressive scholarship of James H. Robinson,

Computers, Lady Lovelace: The first programmer

2004-12-22T17:59:00.000-08:00

Augusta Ada King, the countess of Lovelace, was the daughter of the poet Lord George Gordon

Gambia, The, History Of

2004-12-21T03:46:00.000-08:00

History of the area from precolonial times to the present.

Sidamo

2004-12-20T17:01:00.000-08:00

Most

Levon I

2004-12-19T01:30:00.000-08:00

Byname �Levon The Great � king of Armenia (reigned 1199 - 1219), who rallied the Armenians after their dispersion by the Seljuq Turks and consolidated the kingdom in Cilicia, southeastern Asia Minor. Through his friendly relations with the German emperors Frederick I Barbarossa and Henry VI, he was crowned by Pope Celestine III's legate, Cardinal Conrad von Wittelsbach, and allied Lesser

Ascomycetes

2004-12-18T11:06:00.000-08:00

The sac fungi are separated into subgroups based on whether asci arise singly or are borne in one of several types of fruiting structures, or ascocarps, and

Literature, Yiddish.

2004-12-17T23:18:00.000-08:00

Most of the Yiddish writings in 1997 appeared in the accessible form of short stories and sketches. Some, like Avraham Karpinovitsh's exciting tapestry Geven, geven amol Vilne ("There Was Once Upon a Time Vilna"), brought a wealth of memory to a retrospective--a reconstruction of the Jerusalem of the North. Yoysef Burg's companion volumes Tsvey veltn ("Two Worlds") and Tseviklte

Egypt, The Eastern Desert

2004-12-16T02:57:00.000-08:00

The Eastern Desert comprises almost one-fourth of the land surface of Egypt and covers an area of about 85,690 square miles. The northern tier is a limestone plateau, consisting of rolling hills, stretching from the Mediterranean coastal plain to a point roughly opposite Qina on the Nile. Near Qina, the plateau breaks up into cliffs about 1,600 feet high and is deeply scored by wadis,

Wilhelmshaven

2004-12-14T14:19:00.000-08:00

City and port, Lower Saxony Land (state), northwestern Germany, on the Jadebusen, a North Sea inlet on the coast of Ostfriesland (East Frisia). Founded in 1853 by Wilhelm I on land bought by Prussia from Oldenburg, it was given its present name in 1869. In 1937 it was united with R�stringen and returned to Oldenburg Land. As the principal naval base for the Prussian (later German) navy, it suffered

'abd Al-malik

2004-12-13T01:15:00.000-08:00

In general, Umayyad rule was greatly strengthened by 'Abd al-Malik, who enjoyed good relations with the Medinese religious circles, an element with considerable moral influence in the Islamic world. 'Abd al-Malik was more pious than any of his Umayyad predecessors. His long sojourn in Medina had enabled him to know the sentiments of Medinese religious scholars. As caliph,

Daghur

2004-12-10T20:48:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Daghor�, or �Dagur�, Manchu �Dahur�, Russian �Daur�, Chinese (Wade-Giles) �Ta-wo-erh�, or (Pinyin) �Dawoer�, or �Daur� Mongol people living mainly in the northeastern portion of Inner Mongolia autonomous region and western Heilungkiang province of China and estimated to number about 121,000. Their language, once thought to be Tungusic or a mixture of Mongolian and Tungus, is now known to be an archaic Mongolian dialect preserving features found in 13th-century documents. Their own name

Mountain

2004-12-09T20:57:00.000-08:00

Mountain belts differ from one another in various respects, but they also have a number of similarities that enable Earth scientists to group them into certain distinct categories. Each of these categories is characterized by the principal process that created a representative belt. Moreover, within individual belts different tectonic processes can prevail

SmoothGoat

Cipher

Hanafiyah

Brahmaputra River, Plant and animal life

Furniture, Mirrors

Potassium-argon Dating

Arabia, History Of, The Zaydis and 'Alawis

Cavalcanti, Guido

Afghanistan, Urban settlement

Biofeedback

Hay, John (milton)

Chagas' Disease

Lemur

Websterashburton Treaty

Earth Exploration

Powell, Lewis Franklin, Jr.

Fuller, R(ichard) Buckminster

Black Sabbath

Haratin

Haratin

Haratin

Haratin

Haratin

Haratin

Insurance, Direct losses

Ibrahim Pasa

Shire

Adams, Douglas

Boulemane

Sarajevo

Squash

France, History Of, Rural life

Metacarpal

Saxhorn

Eleanor Of Aquitaine

San Juan Bautista

Shiloh

Balcon, Sir Michael

China, Foreign religions

Plummer, Christopher

Intentionality

Animals, Cruelty To

Afranius, Lucius

West Frisian Islands

Ards

Keeler, James (edward)

Andr�, John

Italy, Famine, war, and plague (1340 - 80)

Crane Fly

Oberlin, Johann Friedrich

Fyn

Ogden, Peter Skene

Ogden, Peter Skene

Aidan

Macapagal, Diosdado

Primate, General structure

Suceava

'aqqad, 'abbas Mahmud Al-

Hilarion, Saint

Razmara, Ali

Razmara, Ali

Black Lung

Black Lung

Buyantu

Ecuador

All�gret, Marc

Sun Rose

Hybrid

Stralsund

Widor, Charles-marie

Lovell, James A(rthur), Jr.

Xanthinuria

Medicine, Japan

Ilf, Ilya; And Petrov, Yevgeny

Maccabeus, Jonathan

Flood, Curt

Selihoth

Kwara

Madinat Ash-sha'b

Mordvin

Websterashburton Treaty